Council on Energy, Environment and Water Integrated | International | Independent
Odisha has an indicative wind potential of 12,000 MW at 150m hub height as per the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE 2023). It currently imports 100 per cent of its contracted wind capacity of 321.5 MW (DoE 2023). With a 43 per cent RPO obligation (~7 per cent Wind RPO) to be met by 2030 (Ministry of Power 2022), Odisha needs to expand its renewable energy capacity with wind energy being an important component.
Jobs overview
● Based on CEEW employment coefficients (Kuldeep et al. 2017), it is estimated that If Odisha installs 1,041 MW of wind capacity by 2030, it can generate 600 FTE jobs.
Figure 1: Phase-wise division of workforce
Source: Authors analysis adapted from Kuldeep et al. 2017
● ~80 per cent of the jobs are created in the operations and maintenance phase of the deployment cycle of wind energy. This indicates high potential for creation of permanent, resilient jobs that do not depend on the year-on-year fluctuations in installed capacity.
Market Opportunity
● The market opportunity for Odisha in 2030 in terms of revenue accruals from sale of electricity is INR 600 crore (USD 70 mn).
● Koraput, Kalahandi, Angur, Ravagada, Gajapati, and Kandhamal are the high-impact districts with nearly 65 per cent of good wind potential in the state in ~55 locations in the district (Singh et al. 2023). All of these locations have good wind potential at a hub height of 150m and wind speeds ranging from 6.22 m/s to 8.78 m/s.
Investment Opportunity
● The investment opportunity for Odisha by 2030 is INR 7000 crore (USD 835 mn).
1. Energy security for the state - Since Odisha imports a majority of its RE requirement from other states wherein in 2021-22, 58 per cent of contracted electricity from solar and 100 per cent of contracted electricity from wind was installed outside the state (DoE 2023). With the ISTS waiver offered by the Government of India elapsing for projects commissioned after 2025, procuring RE from other states will be more expensive. This threatens not just energy security but also industrial growth in the state due to increasing costs to commercial and industrial consumers. Thus, it is important to build internal RE capacity within the state to safeguard from such risks and secure energy security.
2. Attract investment, generate employment and arrest migration - Currently, there are only a few states in India that have wind installations due to their potential and other suitable features. With recent efforts by the Odisha Government, there have been investment proposals worth INR 4,940 Cr for 575 MW wind capacity installation in Odisha (PTI 2023). As per a 2014 study (Sharma et al. 2014), 30 per cent of households in Odisha have one or more members migrating for work. A more recent estimate of 2022 (Johnson et al. 2022) shows that 18-31 per cent of households have at least one person migrating for work. Given that jobs related to deployment are relatively low-skilled, labour-intensive, and can be sourced locally, they have an important co-benefit of arresting migration in addition to offering additional investment in the state.
3. Industrial growth and prosperity - Deployment of RE technologies and manufacturing of associated equipment go hand in hand. In fact, maintaining a sustained deployment trajectory is one of the key requirements for manufacturers to set up facilities as per our consultations. Thus, having a focused target for deployment and a trajectory target will help the evolution of the ecosystem for manufacturing of RE equipment in the state and creation of a local supply chain.
The Halkirk Wind Project is one of Alberta’s largest wind power projects, with a capacity of 150 MW, and has been operational since 2012 (Jeyakumar et al. 2017). It stands out for its effective public consultation and significant community support, achieving success by incorporating community-centric practices like inclusive compensation, proactive engagement, and regular follow-ups with the community.
The developer, Greengate Power, used a pooled lease system with a standardised payment structure and provided compensation to participating and nonparticipating landowners adjacent to turbines, ensuring fair treatment. Greengate extended consultations beyond their statutory requirement 3 , using property lines for measurement rather than nearest infrastructure. The landowners were informed that participating in wind projects was optional with no threat of expropriation. Greengate also undertook early and regular municipal engagement with well laid out engagement plans and incorporated feedback suggested into design changes. Regular updates were also given as the project progressed. The success of effective community participation and buy-in is evident in Halkirk II being approved in 2023 (140 MW), which will help meet the annual electrical needs of ~63,000 Alberta homes (Power Technology 2023).
1. Role of departments
a. GRIDCO Odisha - to look into timely tendering of projects as the nodal agency, ensuring participation from private sector and timely clearances. GRIDCO Odisha could also look into scaling large-scale storage systems such as battery energy storage systems (BESS), plan for flexible thermal generation along with OERC and other generation companies, and build capacities to undertake robust demand forecasting and generation forecasting to prepare the grid for intermittency. Further, GRIDCO works closely with MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) and NIWE (National Institute of Wind Energy) to look into opportunities of offshore wind deployment in the state.
b. Department of Energy (DoE): to play an important role in setting targets for wind deployment and estimating a trajectory of deployment. The department may offer Generation-Based Incentives (GBI), Viability Gap Funding (VGF) and other subsidies related to banking charges (Saji et al., 2019). The DoE, GRIDCO and Revenue Department can make land made available to developers for ease of deployment and can ensure responsible land acquisition and procurement to reduce delays in commissioning.
c. Odisha Power Transmission Corporation Limited (OPTCL) - OPTCL under the Odisha Distribution System Strengthening Project (ODSSP) (OERC 2015) to look into building transmission and distribution networks in areas with high wind potential.
d. Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission (OERC) - to play an important role in undertaking site specific auctions for tariff realisation, to ensure competitive rates. Further, it is important for OERC to work closely with Odisha Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA) to set ambitious RPO targets for the state and ensure adherence and implementation.
e. Odisha Skill Development Agency (OSDA) - to collaborate with Skill Council for Green Jobs to look at setting up training/vocational centres to certify workers for deployment/O&M related work. This can be done as a part of the Vayu Mitra programme and additionally, there can also be dedicated efforts to build local capabilities.
f. Industrial Promotion and Investment Corporation of Odisha Limited (IPICOL) - IPICOL may develop an investment promotion strategy and a roadmap for promoting wind manufacturing in the state (both upstream and downstream).
2. Role of academic institutions - Academic institutions, think tanks and research organisations to play an important role in accurately estimating the wind potential in Odisha at different hub heights for varying sites, for both offshore and onshore. Further, it becomes important for academic institutions to undertake research and development (R&D) efforts for improvement of wind turbine technology. The largest turbines currently deployed in India have a rated power of less than 3 MW (Saji et al. 2019, stakeholder consultations). Higher capacity wind turbines can be used to generate more energy from relatively lower potential sites, which will be important to develop for Odisha.
3. Role of the private sector - Private sector to work closely with academic institutions for R&D to improve technology of wind turbines and for development of low cost wind turbine components. This will help reduce costs and increase generation capacity. Further, developers’ to ensure responsible deployment of renewable energy to minimise delays in project deployment and maximise social and economic benefits.
4. Role of local administration and civil society organisations (CSOs) - Local administration like the gram panchayat and CSOs like Gram Vikas can enable responsible practices to be undertaken during deployment of wind. This includes facilitating skill development of local communities, undertaking low-impact siting, assessing social and environmental risks to the project, acting as a link between the community and wind developers, etc
1. Low wind potential in Odisha
a. Comparatively low assessed wind potential in Odisha acts as a hindrance to private investments in wind deployment. As per the NIWE, Odisha has an indicative wind potential of 12GW at 150m agl (NIWE, 2023). Odisha receives wind at 7.5m per sec at 150m agl. whereas the other 8 wind states - Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh (Ramesh 2023) receive 6-7m per second at 100m agl. Thus, to achieve the same level of generation in Odisha as other high potential wind states, Odisha needs to install wind turbines at higher hub heights which means that additional investment needs to be made because of additional tower material requirements and increased BOS (balance-of-station) cost associated with lifting the nacelle and rotor to the higher height (Lantz et al. 2019). Further, for Odisha, advanced turbine technology will be required to make complete use of its existing potential to generate more energy. To encourage usage of such technology and reduce the additional costs, incentives in the form of Viability Gap Funding (VGF) or tax exemptions can be provided (Saji et al. 2019).
b. Offering site-specific auctions is another important measure in low-medium wind energy potential states (Saji et al., 2019). This includes estimating a tariff limit after identifying and classifying regions based on wind speed data to ensure competitive tariffs. To be able to do this, it also becomes important to get accurate mast data, which are already being taken by NIWE in Odisha and needs to be extended to various wind sites. Further, budgetary support is important to be given in the form of a Generation-Based Incentive (GBI) to address the tariff difference due to lower CUFs (Saji et al. 2019).
c. One such incentive is the feed-in tariff currently being offered by the Odisha government for the first 500 MW of wind deployment in the state (Ramesh 2023). This has already seen a positive response wherein Odisha has received investment proposals for 575 MW wind capacity worth INR 4,940 cr at the investors’ summit (PTI, 2023) in Odisha. This proves rising interest by the private sector in the state and willingness to incur higher costs if offset by accompanying incentives like GBI, infrastructure support, etc.
2. Need for facilitating infrastructure
a. Grid integration and maintaining stability is a key challenge due to the intermittent nature of wind energy and the problem of load balancing (Kulkarni, P). To address this challenge, technical and regulatory interventions such as strengthening transmission infrastructure, deploying utility-scale storage capacity and making thermal generation flexible become important (Aggarwal et al. 2019). Deploying battery energy storage solutions along with wind not only enables maintaining grid stability but also addresses the loss of power generation during non-peak hours and helps tackle the issue of variability in generation. Further, it is important to ensure robust demand and generation forecasting to aid advance planning for grid strengthening and balancing.
b. Development of transmission infrastructure in line with development of the renewable sector is also extremely important to ensure robustness and handle the variable and intermittent nature of wind energy. If existing substations need to be augmented or new substations need to be built, it usually leads to a delay of 18 - 22 months in project execution timeline (Saji et al 2019). Further, weak transmission grid leads to challenges related to transmission line overloading, losses of electricity transmission, frequency and voltage issues, etc (Gagal 2022).
c. Thus, a strong transmission infrastructure should be a key priority of states. To ensure the development of the transmission system, adequate interventions are required to address challenges related to Right of Way (ROW) for power transmission. These interventions include undertaking socially beneficial measures under CSR for those impacted by transmission line construction to reduce local resistance, adapting new innovative technologies like a compact tower design and increasing utilisation of existing lines through Update and Upgrade, etc (Gupta et al. 2022). Further, efforts can be undertaken by OPTCL to increase transmission infrastructure availability in sites with high wind potential to improve connectivity and reduce ROW issues for developers.
d. Land procurement and acquisition is another major hurdle once suitable land has been identified. It becomes important to enable developers to acquire land in a timely and responsible manner and to facilitate the welfare of adjoining communities.
3. Supply chain challenges: Another challenge to wind deployment is the availability of low-cost raw materials and upstream components. Some states exempt wind energy equipment from entry tax that is levied on goods entering the state from outside of its boundary. It is also important to give a boost to local manufacturing, especially MSMEs, to promote manufacturing hubs that will attract further investment in the state, both in manufacturing as well as deployment. At the construction stage, states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh give industry status to wind MSMEs to ensure they are eligible for various schemes and incentives. These help improve ease of doing business and promote technology exchange (Saji et al. 2019). Further, other ways to incentivise manufacturing include upgradation of infrastructure facilities and setting up integrated platforms for raw material suppliers, undertake skill development measures, etc.
1. Environmental risks
a. Wind turbines have been found to pose a risk to local and migrant bird species due to collision with the turbines (Chowdhury et al. 2022). However, according to a USA-based survey, the rate of mortality of avians (flying vertebrates such as birds and bats) in case of wind turbines is 300 times less than collisions with vehicles, 30 times lesser than collision with communication towers and 1200 times lesser than collision with transmission lines (Wang et al. 2015). With rising installations, it is an issue of growing concern. Mitigation: A study by Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA) also revealed that painting turbines helps to deter birds from colliding with wind turbines (Robin Radar 2024). As per our consultations, this practice seems to be followed by Indian developers as well and needs to be the norm.
b. Wind turbines also affect the meteorological conditions of their vicinity (Chowdhury et al. 2022). Further, the thermal impacts from wind turbines are 10 times stronger than solar PV systems (Keith 2018). However, detailed studies need to be conducted to estimate the true impact on the local climatic conditions.
2. Social and economic risks
a. Wind turbines cause a certain level of noise (tonal, impulse and night-time noise) and have notable impacts on the health of inhabitants of houses located within 2 km of the wind turbine (Shepherd et al. 2011).
Mitigation: Thus, it is important to site projects effectively, ensuring adequate social risk assessment and minimising adverse impacts to locally established communities.
b. A major risk to faster uptake of deployment is land acquisition-related constraints and conflicts. Land Conflict Watch has already reported 18 ongoing conflicts related to large-scale RE deployment affecting ~11,000 people and INR 63,385 crores in investment. For wind projects, given that most wind potential in Odisha is in hilly regions (Singh et al. 2023), there is a threat of conflicts related to forest rights and ecological impacts.
Mitigation: Thus, it becomes important to responsibly deploy these projects keeping in mind the impact on community and ecology (WRI 2021). Further, resources should be dedicated to proper siting of wind turbines, avoiding ecologically sensitive zones and areas with a high number of protected species.
3. Climate risks
a. Odisha is vulnerable to tropical cyclones due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, which is a hotspot for cyclones (Dasgupta et al. 2019). Cyclones bear considerable risk to wind turbines with typical structural failures like blade damage, tower collapse and turbine foundation overturning (Xiao 2016).
Mitigation: A few mitigation strategies to combat cyclone-related uncertainties include investing in climate modelling and updating resource maps for better tracking of high-risk sites. Further, for better planning to prepare for such uncertainties, improved grid balancing and integration to handle weather anomalies (Shekhar et. al 2021), offering site specific auctions (Saji et al. 2019), and competitive tariff realisation for developers on the basis of the climatic conditions of the wind farms can be utilised.
The wind value chain consists of 1) mining, raw materials extraction and processing, 2) component manufacturing, 3) deployment, and 4) end-of-life-cycle management.
The scope of estimating jobs potential is limited to the deployment phase only. Deployment further consists of four phases of 1) business development, 2) design and pre-construction, 3) construction and commissioning, and 4) operations and maintenance. All these sub-phases have been considered.
Mining, raw materials extraction and processing has been excluded since the production of minerals such as cobalt, copper, etc. needed for low carbon technologies are concentrated in a handful of countries such as China, South Africa, etc. (CEEW 2023). Similarly, mining and raw material extraction caters to diverse sectors and cannot be attributed to clean technologies alone.
Component manufacturing is covered under a separate note in this report called RE Manufacturing whereas end-of-life cycle management is under the scope of the Circular Economy sector covered in this report.
Only direct jobs are calculated using the full-time equivalent (FTE) per MW coefficient 5 using the following formula:
FTE jobs = FTE jobs per MW x market potential (MW)
The phase-wise FTE considered are as follows:
Table 1
Source: Kuldeep et al. 2017
The first three phases of project deployment (i.e. business development, design and pre-construction, as well as construction and pre-commissioning) create one-time jobs whereas in the last phase of the project (i.e. operations and maintenance), the employment generated lasts for the lifetime of the project.
A linear trajectory of wind deployment is assumed and jobs are calculated in a manner that the workforce employed in one year will be reabsorbed in deployment of wind energy in the next year for the first three phases of project deployment. This would help avoid double counting of jobs and align with the aim of creation of a renewable energy workforce that can offer sustained employment by accelerated deployments.
Market sizing:
India’s 2030 target for cumulative wind is ~99.8 GW, which will enable India to meet its 2030 NDC target (CEA, 2023).
Odisha’s technical potential for wind, as assessed by National Institute of Wind Energy is 1.04 per cent of India’s total wind potential. Assuming that the distribution of 2030 targets to states is as per the share of technical potential, Odisha’s 2030 target is derived from the total wind target of 99.8 GW.
The market value of wind deployment through the ambitious scenario set for Odisha, has been estimated through forecasting the revenue generated from the sales of power in 2030. In order to convert MW ambitious scenario to MWh in terms of electricity generation, the following formula was used:
Capacity Utilisation Factor (CUF) = Injected energy (MWh) / x 100
Project capacity (MW) * 8766
Revenue potential = Tarif rate (USD/KWh) x Injected energy (kWh)
Further, a degradation rate of 1.60 per cent (Staffel and Green 2014) has also been applied to account for decline in performance with age.
The input values taken and rationale for each parameter are mentioned below:
Table 2
Source: SECI, Authors’ analysis
To arrive at the investment opportunity when deploying the ambitious target for wind in Odisha by 2030, we multiplied the capital cost of large offshore wind turbines per MW6 to the total additional capacity to be installed:
Investment opportunity USD = Capital cost of large offshore wind per MW USD × Total additional capacity to be installed (MW)
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Energy transition
Battery Energy Storage Systems 
Public Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicle and Battery Manufacturing 
Biomass to Power
Green Hydrogen and Electrolyser Manufacturing
Rooftop Solar
Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV)
Solar Mini/Micro Grid
Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)
Renewable Energy Equipment Manufacturing
Small Hydropower (SHP)
Utility-Scale Solar Deployment
Wind Deployment
Decentralised Renewable Energy (DRE) Technologies for Livelihoods