The action plan adopts a three phase framework consisting of pre-monsoon (preparedness and planning), monsoon (response), and post-monsoon (recovery and rehabilitation) stages. Within this structure, specific actions are assigned to nodal departments with clear responsibilities and support from allied agencies. The plan also integrates cost estimates and identifies potential funding sources, including central schemes and public-private partnership models, to enable sustained implementation.

The plan suggests leveraging ongoing government programmes such as AMRUT 2.0 and the flood management and border area programme, along with allocations under the 15th Finance Commission’s disaster risk funds. In addition, public-private partnership models such as hybrid annuity, design-build-finance-operate, and service contracts are recommended to mobilise private sector investment in flood-resilient infrastructure and early warning systems.

The key takeaway is that Navsari now has a clear, evidence-based roadmap that shows which areas are most at risk, what actions need to be taken, and who should take responsibility. It turns scattered efforts into a structured approach, giving the city a practical way forward to handle floods more effectively in the years ahead.

A green economy is an economic paradigm that ‘protects the environment and stays within the ecological boundaries of nature while promoting jobs and economic prosperity’ (Jain, Jhunjhunwala et al. 2025). Any economic activity qualifies as “green” if it improves resource efficiency or conservation, or if it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and local pollution compared to conventional practices. India’s green economy paradigm, however, goes beyond this definition. It outlines how the country must strategically reshape its economy to achieve long-term, sustainable prosperity. Specifically, the paradigm emphasises: (i) mainstreaming sectors and value chains in the economy that further jobs and economic growth while regenerating/safeguarding the natural capital; (ii) enhancing economic resilience by investing in sectors that would be relevant and thriving in a low-carbon and climate-changed world; (iii) expanding the ‘greening’ of the economy to include sustainability-oriented sectors, such as bio-economy, and nature-based solutions, the circular economy in addition to the energy transition; (iv) building the capacity and skills of the (future) workforce to actively transform the economy from extractive to a regenerative one.

The three green sectors identified are Green Energy Transition (ET), Circular Economy (CE), and Bioeconomy & Nature-based Solutions (BE and NbS). We looked at sectors in the economy that: (i) would further jobs and economic growth while regenerating/safeguarding the natural capital; (ii) would be relevant and thriving in a low-carbon and climate-changed world; (iii) would enable expanding the ‘greening’ of the economy to include sustainability-oriented sectors in addition to the energy transition. We identified the three aforementioned sectors based on the following parameters: (i) growing private sector interest and investment momentum; (ii) evolving policy support as documented in Ministry announcements and policy documents; (iii) the need to explore green opportunities in addition to the renewable energy transition (widening green opportunities across the economic spectrum, from large industries to microenterprises, and from primary sectors to tertiary ones).

ET involves adopting essential renewable energy (RE) technologies that enable a shift towards a decarbonised economy. For our assessment, we identified 16 value chains within ET- across deployment, component manufacturing, industrial decarbonisation and decentralised renewables. For deployment, we included RE technologies such as utility-scale solar, on-shore and off-shore wind, biomass, agri PV, as well as storage technology such as pumped storage hydropower and battery energy storage systems (BESS). For component manufacturing, we identified solar modules, wind components, and batteries. Industrial decarbonisation, ranging from GH2 deployment to the production of two-, three-, and four-wheelers, eBuses, and electric medium and heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as trucks (MHDTs), as well as decentralised renewable energy (DRE)-powered livelihood applications fall within the purview of ET. The sector is pivotal to decarbonising the economy while advancing energy access, advancing local enterprise, employment, and overall economic growth. The CE is a system designed to maximise resource efficiency by minimising waste, promoting maintenance, reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, recycling, and reducing environmental impacts associated with resource extraction and disposal. We have identified seven value chains within CE: resource recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, plastic waste recycling, electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling, lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste recycling, end-of-life vehicle (ELV) scrapping, used cooking oil (UCO) recycling, and used water treatment and reuse. BE is described as an efficient method of transforming and utilising biological resources to generate economic goods, thus fostering revenue growth towards realising a sustainable economy. BE encompasses a broad range of value chains, including biofibers, bio-inputs, bio-residue based packaging, second-generation biofuels, nutraceuticals, and compound cattle feed. While the BE focuses on product-based industries, NbS involves actions like protecting, restoring, or sustainably managing natural ecosystems to create income and job opportunities for local communities (Jain, Jhunjhunwala et al. 2025). It encompasses value chains such as wetland management, seaweed cultivation, sustainable forest management, sustainable tourism, and chemical-free agriculture. Within the combined sector, we have identified 13 value chains which could actualise India’s green transition.

We estimate the job, market, and investment (J-M-I) potential for each of the green value chains by 2047. For jobs, only full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs are calculated, Additionally, for each value chain, we identify challenges to implementation and corresponding recommendations, risks associated with scaling, and a story from the ground to inspire action.

We recommend a comprehensive set of measures to operationalise a green economy in India. These include: improving the economic viability of green solutions through public procurement, blending mandates, tax incentives, and viability gap funding; strengthening raw material supply chains by reducing import dependence, formalising the circular economy workforce, and investing in bio-processing technologies; and significantly boosting domestic R&D and innovation through dedicated funds, private-sector incentives, and regulatory sandboxes for climate technologies. We also call for building a future-ready workforce through industry–academia partnerships, expanded green job certifications, and support for local women-led enterprises in nature-based solutions. Finally, we emphasise the need for stronger standardisation and certification frameworks to improve quality, reduce market fragmentation, and build consumer trust—anchored in a coordinated whole-of-nation (one that integrates green value chains into local, district, state, and national economic planning), whole-of-government (one that aligns ministries, schemes, and regulatory frameworks to accelerate adoption and investment), and whole-of-economy (one that empowers MSMEs, cooperatives, startups, and large industry to participate and benefit, while expanding opportunities for women and youth) approach to scale green value chains across India.