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REPORT
17 January, 2024 |

क्या आपके कोई प्रश्न हैं?

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रिसर्च एनालिस्ट

Frequently Asked Questions

  • भारत में मानसून का मौसम कब आता है? भारत में ज्यादातर कौन-सा मानसून देखा जाता है?

    दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून भारत को प्रभावित करने वाला प्रमुख मानसून है, जो जून से सितंबर तक रहता है। जून के आस-पास, मानसून दक्षिण-पश्चिमी तट पर केरल से होकर धीरे-धीरे पूरे देश में आगे बढ़ता है। इस मानसून के आने का बेसब्री से इंतजार होता है, क्योंकि यह चिलचिलाती गर्मी से राहत देता है और भारत के विविधतापूर्ण पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र और अर्थव्यवस्था, खासकर खरीफ फसलों की खेती में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देता है। भारत, उत्तर-पूर्व मानसून से भी प्रभावित होता है, जिसे शीतकालीन मानसून या लौटता हुआ मानसून भी कहा जाता है, जो प्रायद्वीपीय भारत को प्रभावित करता है और अक्टूबर से दिसंबर तक चलता है। यह मानसून दक्षिण-पश्चिमी मानसून की तुलना में कम तीव्र होता है, लेकिन रबी (सर्दियों) फसलों की खेती में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है और भूजल रिचार्ज में मदद करता है।

  • भारत में मानसून का स्वरूप (पैटर्न) किस प्रकार बदला है?

    हमारे अध्ययन में यह पता चला है कि भारतीय मानसून की स्वभावगत परिवर्तनशीलता जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण और अधिक प्रभावित हुई है। पारंपरिक रूप से मानसूनी बारिश के मामले में समृद्ध क्षेत्रों जैसे पूर्वोत्तर भारत, सिंधु-गंगा के मैदान और भारतीय हिमालयी क्षेत्रों में पिछले एक दशक में मानसूनी बारिश में कमी देखी गई है। इसके विपरीत राजस्थान, गुजरात, मध्य महाराष्ट्र और तमिलनाडु सहित पारंपरिक रूप से शुष्क क्षेत्रों में दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून के दौरान बारिश में वृद्धि देखी गई। तमिलनाडु में उत्तर-पूर्व मानसून सघन हुआ है और पूर्वी तट पर ओडिशा व पश्चिम बंगाल जैसे राज्यों के साथ पश्चिमी तट पर महाराष्ट्र और गोवा में अक्टूबर से दिसंबर तक बारिश में वृद्धि देखी गई है।

  • भारत में मानसून को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक कौन-कौन से हैं?

    भारत में मानसून पैटर्न को कई कारक प्रभावित करते हैं। मुख्य कारक भूमि और समुद्र का अलग-अलग स्तर पर गर्म होना है। गर्मियों के दौरान, भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप गर्म हो जाता है, जिससे कम दबाव वाले क्षेत्र बनते हैं। इस बीच आस-पास के महासागर अपेक्षाकृत कम तापमान बनाए रखते हैं, जिससे उच्च दबाव वाले क्षेत्र बनते हैं, जिसकी वजह से दबाव प्रवणता (pressure gradient) दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून को सक्रिय करती है, हिंद महासागर से नम हवा को खींचती है। अन्य कारकों में अल नीनो-दक्षिणी दोलन (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) शामिल है, जिसमें अल नीनो शुष्क परिस्थितियां पैदा करता है और ला-नीना मानसून को बढ़ाता है। हिंद महासागर द्विध्रुव (आईओडी) भी भूमिका निभाता है, जो समुद्र की सतह के तापमान को प्रभावित करता है। इसके अलावा तिब्बती पठार, पश्चिमी घाट और हिमालय पर्वत जैसी विशेषताएं हवा के पैटर्न पर असर डालती हैं, जिससे सभी क्षेत्रों में बारिश का वितरण (rainfall distribution) प्रभावित होता है।

  • भविष्य में भारतीय मानसून किस तरह से बदलेगा?

    जैसे-जैसे वैश्विक स्तर पर पृथ्वी की सतह का तापमान बढ़ेगा, वैज्ञानिक समझ है कि वाष्पीकरण में बढ़ोतरी के कारण संपूर्ण बारिश में वृद्धि होगी। इस घटना के परिणामस्वरूप गर्म होती जलवायु के कारण वैश्विक स्तर पर विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में बारिश बढ़ने का अनुमान है। भारत से जुड़ा अनुमान इस रुझान के अनुरूप है और देश में दक्षिण-पश्चिम व उत्तर-पूर्व दोनों ही मानसूनों में भारी बारिश वाले दिनों के साथ-साथ बारिश बढ़ने का अनुमान है। भारत के लिए जलवायु परिवर्तन के पूर्वानुमान इक्कीसवीं सदी के अंत तक दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून की बारिश में 10-14 प्रतिशत की महत्वपूर्ण वृद्धि के संकेत देते हैं।

  • भारत बदलते मानसून पैटर्न के साथ कैसे अनुकूलन कर सकता है?

    बदलते मानसून पैटर्न से अनुकूलन लाने के लिए एक व्यापक दृष्टिकोण के साथ नीति, अनुसंधान और नागरिक विज्ञान को जोड़ने की जरूरत है। शुरुआत में, अति-स्थानीय स्तर पर नीति-निर्धारण को बढ़ावा देना जरूरी है, जिसमें जिला और शहर के स्तर पर जलवायु कार्य योजनाएं बनाने पर जोर देना चाहिए। इन योजनाओं में कृषि, जल और ऊर्जा जैसे प्रमुख क्षेत्रों के लिए जलवायु संबंधी जोखिमों का आकलन शामिल होना चाहिए। दूसरा, प्रमुख क्षेत्रों को बदलते पैटर्न के अनुरूप अपने दृष्टिकोणों का रणनीतिक रूप से पुनर्मूल्यांकन और समायोजन करना चाहिए। इसके लिए फसल चक्रों और आपदा प्रबंधन कैलेंडर को नए सिरे से बनाना होगा, ताकि बदलते मानसून की परिवर्तनशील प्रकृति के साथ तालमेल बैठाया जा सके।

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क्या आपके कोई प्रश्न हैं?

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रिसर्च एनालिस्ट

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REPORT
28 March, 2023 | ,

क्या आपके पास कोई प्रश्न है?

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प्रोग्राम लीड

क्या आपके पास कोई प्रश्न है?

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प्रोग्राम लीड

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ISSUE BRIEF
24 July, 2025 |

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Frequently Asked Questions

  • Which vehicles are generally used in door-to-door waste collection in Indian cities?

    Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India mostly use light commercial vehicles, including three-wheelers and four-wheelers, for door-to-door waste collection. The typical payload capacity of these vehicles ranges from 350 kg to 1000 kg. These vehicles are part of the ‘primary waste collection’ process, collecting waste from residential and commercial areas and transporting it to transfer stations, where larger vehicles carry the waste further to landfills or waste facilities.

  • How much distance do these door-to-door waste collection vehicles cover on a daily basis?

    Depending on the city size and vehicle fleet, these vehicles operate between 15 and 60 km daily. They follow fixed routes and park in designated municipal parking areas. They also operate at regulated speeds to manage waste collection effectively.

  • How many door-to-door waste collection vehicles are required in a city and in India?

    According to guidelines by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), one waste collection vehicle should be assigned to every 1000 to 1500 households. For example, in our case study in Amritsar, there was a fleet of 200 waste collection vehicles, while based on the city's household size, approximately 220 vehicles should be in service. India will require 80,000 new door-to-door waste collection vehicles by 2030.

  • Why do we need to electrify door-to-door waste collection vehicles?

    Municipal waste transportation annually emits around 67 thousand tonnes of CO2, 613 tonnes of NOx, and 100 tonnes of Particulate Matter (PM) in cities such as Mumbai. Moreover, the majority of waste collection vehicles in India operate on diesel, and electrifying them would immediately reduce tailpipe emissions and provide huge financial benefits for urban local bodies. For example, our study shows that electrifying the door-to-door waste collection vehicles in Amritsar could save INR 50-70 lakh in fuel costs.

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Report Launch
How can India's Automobile Manufacturing Sector go Net Zero?

23 Jul 2025   |   1000 – 1400 IST

The Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) is pleased to invite you to the Report Launch on ‘How can India's Automobile Sector go Net Zero? Exploring Decarbonisation Pathways’ from 10:00 — 14:30 IST on 23 July 2025 (Wednesday) at Silver Oak Hall, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.

As India charts its course toward net-zero emissions, the automobile sector—contributing significantly to GDP, employment, and industrial activity—will be central to the decarbonisation story. While electrification addresses use-phase emissions, a major shift is also needed in how vehicles are manufactured and how materials and energy are sourced.

This event will bring together industry leaders, policymakers, and researchers to reflect on these transitions and explore strategies to decarbonise manufacturing and supply chains while remaining competitive. The session will also highlight the sector’s role in driving broader economy-wide decarbonisation

For Event Queries

Yadu Kathuria

Communications Consultant

[email protected]

Key Speakers

REPORT
30 June, 2025 |

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REPORT
26 June, 2025 |

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Frequently Asked Questions

  • How does the report define Climate Resilient Agriculture (CRA)?

    In the context of the Global South, we define CRA as a socially inclusive and gender-responsive approach to practising and governing agriculture and allied sectors in a changing climate to enhance nutritional security and ensure environmentally and financially sustainable livelihoods.

  • Why is integrating value chains important for climate-resilient agriculture?

    A value-chain-based approach tackles weak links in market access, price discovery, and consumer demand—key barriers to scaling climate-resilient agriculture. Addressing these gaps aligns farmer incentives with environmental and economic goals.

  • How can sustainable agriculture improve food and nutrition security in India?

    Sustainable practices support healthier diets and stable food supplies while conserving resources. Integrating nutrition, livelihood, and environmental goals ensures policies go beyond yield-focused metrics for holistic food system outcomes.

  • What parameters does the report use to assess institutional capacity in sustainable agriculture?

    The report’s Capacity Assessment Framework (CAF) evaluates institutional capacity across nine dimensions: vision and mandate, planning and implementation, coordination and collaboration, monitoring and evaluation, information dissemination, financing, human resources, research and development, and stakeholder engagement, ensuring a thorough analysis of governance systems.

  • What roles can non‑state stakeholders play in advancing CRA in India?

    Non-state actors bolster CRA by mapping climate risks, supporting farmer groups, strengthening value chains, and driving innovation. Think tanks contribute research and policy advocacy; NGOs build community capacity; private firms enhance market systems; ICT firms deliver climate tools; and CSR/philanthropy provide funding and coordination.

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REPORT
17 June, 2025 | ,

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Frequently Asked Questions

  • How many EVs are there in India?

    Our analysis estimates that there were around 2 million EVs in India in 2023. This number is projected to rise significantly to approximately 360 million by 2050.

  • How much CO₂ does the transport sector in India emit?

    The road transport sector emitted 370 Mt of CO₂ in 2023. This number is projected to peak at 685 Mt in 2045, before declining slightly to 650 Mt by 2050.

  • How much energy does India’s transport sector consume?

    India’s transport sector consumed 5.3 Exajoule (EJ) of energy in 2023 and this is expected to double to 10.7 EJ by 2050.

  • What will be the demand for petrol and diesel in India?

    The demand for petrol is estimated at 48 billion litres in 2023. It is projected to peak at 57 billion litres by 2032, before declining to 37 billion litres by 2050. Diesel demand, on the other hand, stood at 92 billion litres in 2023, is expected to peak at 175 billion litres by 2047, and slightly decline to 173 billion litres by 2050.

  • How much natural gas does the transport sector consume in India?

    The transport sector consumed 5.7 MTPA of natural gas (including both CNG and LNG), which is expected to rise to 17 MTPA by 2050.

  • Are there any hydrogen vehicles in India?

    In 2023, there were only three hydrogen-powered vehicles in India. However, this number is expected to rise to around 1 million by 2050.

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REPORT
17 June, 2025 | ,

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Frequently Asked Questions

  • What is total cost of ownership?

    The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is a metric that captures the complete lifecycle cost of owning and operating a vehicle. It includes the initial purchase cost, taxes and fees, financing, fuel expenses, maintenance, insurance, and resale value. TCO provides a holistic basis for comparing the cost-effectiveness of different vehicle types and fuel technologies over time.

  • How is TCO calculated?

    TCO is calculated by summing all expenses over the vehicle’s lifetime in present value terms and dividing by the total distance driven. This yields the total cost of ownership per kilometre, enabling consistent comparison across fuel types within a vehicle segment.

  • Are EVs cheaper to run?

    Our analysis shows that EVs are already more economical to operate in the two- and three-wheeler segments. For four-wheelers, EVs are cost-effective in states where low electricity tariffs help offset higher upfront costs. In other vehicle segments, EVs are expected to become cheaper to run within the next five to ten years as battery and vehicle costs continue to decline.

  • Will India have hydrogen vehicles in the future?

    Hydrogen is better suited for long-distance, heavy-duty applications such as buses and heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). In these segments, hydrogen (either internal combustion or fuel cell) is expected to become economically viable by the late 2030s. With adequate hydrogen supply and supporting infrastructure, there is a strong potential for uptake of hydrogen vehicles in India.

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REPORT
17 June, 2025 | ,

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Frequently Asked Questions

  • What is vehicle stock?

    Vehicle stock refers to the total number of registered vehicles that are actively on the road at a given point in time. It excludes scraped or decommissioned vehicles and represents the current fleet in use across different vehicle categories.

  • How many vehicles does India have?

    India had 226 million vehicles in 2023, including 175 million two-wheelers and 32 million private cars. Our analysis projects this to rise to 494 million by 2050, comprising 350 million two-wheelers and 90 million cars.

  • Which state in India has the highest number of vehicles?

    In 2023, Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of vehicles (29 million), followed by Maharashtra (21 million) and Tamil Nadu (19 million). By 2050, Uttar Pradesh is projected to reach 93 million vehicles—more than twice Maharashtra’s 43 million—while Bihar ranks third with 38 million.

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Art Exhibition
Sustaina India 3 Art Fellowship 2025-26

10 Jul 2025   |   Deadline

Sustaina India — an art x climate initiative by artist duo Thukral & Tagra and Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) — invites applications for the third edition of its art fellowship programme.

The Fellowship programme will support three artists over six months to realise impact-driven mixed-media and multimedia art projects at the intersection of art, climate science and research.

We invite proposals that critically engage with the climate crisis and inspire bold, solution-oriented visions for the future. Rooted in a commitment to climate action, this call seeks artistic practices that challenge conventional thinking and open new ways of seeing, feeling, and responding to the complexities of climate change.

We are particularly interested in works that question the status quo, highlight resilience and adaptation, and reveal the deep interconnections between people, ecology, and systems. Whether through drawing, sculpture, installation, sound, performance, video, or through individual practices grounded in long-term research on climate resilience, adaptive intelligence, innovation, and the ecologies of care, your proposal should invite audiences to rethink their relationship with the planet and imagine just, sustainable futures.

What we offer:

  •  INR 3,00,000 per fellow (includes INR 1,50,000 production budget + INR 1,50,000 honorarium)
  •  In-person workshop in Delhi
  •  Mentorship by the artist duo Thukral & Tagra
  •  Knowledge support from CEEW
  •  Final exhibition in New Delhi (Jan–Feb 2026)
  •  Travel and accommodation for the workshop and exhibition

We encourage you to explore the previous editions of the exhibition – Sustaina India 1.0 and Sustaina India 2.0 before filling the application form.

Proposals based on new or ongoing work will be considered.

Deadline: 10 July 2025  

Queries: vidusshi.pathak@ceew.in
 

For Event Queries

Vidusshi [email protected]

Programme Communications Consultant

[email protected]

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