Green hydrogen is the hydrogen produced through the use of renewable energy for the electrolysis of water. The ability to produce green hydrogen in a de-centralised manner makes this fuel of the future particularly useful.

The National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) aims to make India a global hub for the production of green hydrogen while also creating demand for its usage and export of Green Hydrogen and its derivatives. This will contribute to India’s climate ambitions and help the country become Aatmanirbhar (self-reliant) for its energy needs. The Mission will lead to significant decarbonisation of the economy and reduced dependence on fossil fuel imports.

India already has standards for hydrogen production using proton exchange membranes (PEM), alkaline electrolysers, and anion electrolyte membrane electrolysers (AEM) but does not for solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs). India also has standards for hydrogen production through hydrocarbon reforming. However, India does not have standards for production through alternative means such as natural gas or biomass pyrolysis. India also has standards for the gaseous storage of hydrogen but needs to develop standards for bulk storage of liquid hydrogen. India also has standards for onboard hydrogen storage for fuel-cell electric vehicles. While India has standards for the storage and transport of gaseous and liquid hydrogen, it lacks standards for transportation through pipelines.

Early warning systems (EWS) are an essential tool for risk management and disaster preparedness that help save lives and minimise the potential impact of disasters. EWS do this by using a variety of tools and methods, such as sensors, data analysis, and communication channels, to gather information about potential threats or hazards and provide advance information or warnings to individuals or organisations that may be affected. Multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS) address several hazards and/or impacts of similar or different types in contexts where hazardous events may occur alone, simultaneously, cascadingly or cumulatively over time, and taking into account the potential interrelated effects. MHEWS, with the ability to warn of one or more hazards, increases the efficiency and consistency of warnings through coordinated and compatible mechanisms and capacities, involving multiple disciplines for updated and accurate hazard identification and monitoring for multiple hazards.

There are various ways of classifying EWS, such as by type of hazard, the level at which it is operated, and whether it is a single or multi-hazard system (UN-SPIDER 2021). Some examples of the types of EWS available globally include: 1. Weather and climate EWS: These systems are designed to provide advance notice of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and heat waves, as well as longer-term climate risks such as droughts and floods. They provide advance warning to local authorities and communities, allowing them to prepare and take necessary precautions. 2. Earthquake EWS: These systems use seismometers to detect potential earthquakes and provide warnings to people in affected areas. This can give people time to take shelter and protect themselves from potential damage. 3. Tsunami EWS: Similar to earthquake EWS, tsunami EWS use sensors to detect seismic activity in the ocean and provide alerts to coastal communities in the path of a potential tsunami. 4. Wildfire EWS: These systems use data on weather, vegetation, and other factors to estimate the risk of wildfires and provide alerts to nearby communities.

Effective “end-to-end” and “people-centred” early warning systems may include four interrelated key elements: 1. disaster risk knowledge based on the systematic collection of data and disaster risk assessments. 2. detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards and possible consequences. 3. dissemination and communication, by an official source, of authoritative, timely, accurate and actionable warnings and associated information on likelihood and impact. 4. preparedness at all levels to respond to the warnings received. These four interrelated components need to be coordinated within and across sectors and multiple levels for the system to work effectively and to include a feedback mechanism for continuous improvement. Failure in one component or a lack of coordination across them could lead to the failure of the whole system.

The key component of accessibility to early warning information is access to early warning dissemination systems (EWDS). Maintaining access to EWDS is crucial to ensure information is relayed and disseminated from the state, district, and block levels to communities and vice versa so that the last person nearest to the sea is well informed about taking appropriate action in case a cyclone or any other disaster occurs. Without accurate information, people are often forced to make crucial decisions based on unclear and conflicting reports. Therefore, there is an urgent need for speedy dissemination of disaster alerts to a maximum number of persons in order to ensure preparedness, both at the individual level as well as the responding institution level (NDMA 2021). Telecommunication services such as calls, messages, push messages, and other alerts are the most reliable and immediate way to relay early warning communication to the masses. However, it is essential to identify the most suitable method for information dissemination based on the needs and level of comprehensibility of the community. Dissemination techniques can be further categorised into widespread and targeted dissemination techniques, depending on where they are used and applied. While targeted methods can provide warnings to individual users, families, persons, neighbourhoods, predefined groups, agencies, etc., widespread methods (mass dissemination techniques) are less targeted and are primarily via the mainstream media through television and radio, loudspeakers, signs and sirens.

The 2019 Global Commission on Adaptation's flagship report, Adapt Now, found that EWS provides more than a ten-fold return on investment – far higher than any other adaptation measures included in the report. The report also found that issuing a warning just 24 hours before a coming storm or heatwave can cut the ensuing damage by 30 per cent. Furthermore, spending USD 800 million on such systems in developing countries would help prevent losses of USD 3–16 billion annually (UN 2022). Thus, investing in establishing an effective EWS will serve the dual purpose of saving lives and protecting economies while building long-term climate resilience. An effective EWS is the first step towards building resilience as it enables policymakers, public officials, administrators, and communities to plan ahead and safeguard lives and livelihoods. Under India’s G20 presidency this year, a working group on disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been formed for the first time since 1999. Further, EWS remains one of the key priorities throughout India’s G20 presidency. This is also in agreement with the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda for DRR.